常用过去分词：said, believed, reported, hoped, claimed, known, announced, suggested
此句型可转换成另一结构：
主语 + be + 过去分词 + to do / to have done
It is said that they have won the game. = They are said to have won the game
People say that he will go to America.
It is said that he will go to America.
= He is said to go to America.
4) It + vi. +that从句
It seems that something is wrong with the machine.
常用vi：happen, appear, seem, turn out

二、wh-从句做主语 1、可用it做形式主语 Who will leave for Beijing hasn’t been decided. = It hasn’t been decided who will leave for Beijing. 2、主语从句只用whether, 不用if 3、主语从句谓语动词用单数 Whether he will join us is unknown. 宾语从句

1. that引导 同位语从句 。 在下列名词后可用that引导 同位语从句 answer, belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge, law, news, opinion, plan, suggestion, thought, truth等。 I had no idea that you were here. The story goes that William killed his wife. He always works hard in spite of the fact that he is not in good health. Suddenly the thought came to me that he would go

注意： ①位语从句引导词that无含义，不充当成分，不可省略。 ② 同位语从句 与其说明的名词或代词为同一内容，故可以用is把前边的中心词和从句连接成一个句子。 ③ 同位语从句 前一般没有逗号。 that引导 同位语从句 与引导定语从句的区别：that引导 同位语从句 时只起连接作用，不充当任何成分；that引导定语从句时，在从句中要作成分，如主语、宾语等。 ①He told me the news that our team won.（that引导 同位语从句 ） ②The news that / which he told me was very exciting.（that引导定语从句，在从句中作宾语）

2. 在no idea, question, problem等后可用wh-疑问词引导 同位语从句 ，if不引导 同位语从句 。 I have no idea where he has gone. I have no idea what he said.

3. 辨析：引导名词性从句时what与whatever, who与whoever的区别： what 与whatever： What you want has been sent here.（what = the thing(s) that/all that/anything that特指） Whatever you want makes no difference to me.（whatever = anything that泛指） What caused the accident was a broken bottle.（特指）

Whatever caused the accident has not yet been found.（泛指）
who 与whoever：
Who will go to Beijing on business has not been decided.（who表疑问，表示“谁”，“哪一个”）
Whoever breaks the law should be
punished
.（whoever = anyone who，表示“无论哪个人”）

4. 同位语从句 注意与定语从句区别， 同位语从句 对前一名词做补充说明，在从句中无语法位置，而定语从句所修饰词在从句中占一语法位置如： The idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong.（同位idea在从句中无位置，而从句只是具体说明idea的内容） The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong.（定语从句，idea做put forward 的宾语）

1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数
　 Reading and writing are very important.
　注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
　The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.

2 主谓一致中的靠近原则 1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。 　There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.. 　There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. 2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，　连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。 　Either you or she is to go. 　Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致 　 当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。 　 The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 　 He as well as I wants to go boating.

4 谓语需用单数 1） 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。 　 Each of us has a tape-recorder. 　 There is something wrong with my watch. 2） 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。 　 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 　<<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。 3） 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。) 　 Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.

亲爱的，我理你了

5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数 1） 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。 　　 All is right.　　　 (一切顺利。) 　　 All are present.　　(所有人都到齐了。) 2） 集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。 　　 His family isn't very large.　　他家不是一个大家庭。 　　 His family are music lovers.　他的家人都是音乐爱好者。 　 但**名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。 　　Are there any police around?

3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。 　A number of +名词复数+复数动词。 　The number of +名词复数+单数动词。 　A number of books have lent out. 　The majority of the students like English.