1-1 对立法: 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法,
适用于有争议性的主题.
例如(e.g)
[1]. When askedabout....., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that ....... But Ithink/view a bit differently.
[2]. When it comes to.... , some people bielive that ....... Others argue/claim that theopposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in botharguements/statements , but (I tend to the profer/latter ...)
[3]. Now, it iscommonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that .... They claim/ believe/arguethat ... But I wonder/doubt whether.....

1-2 现象法引出要剖析的现象或者问题,然后评论 .
e.g
[1]. Recently the rise inproblem of/(phenomenon of) ... has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwideconcern.
[2]. Recently the issueof the problem of/the phenomenon of ...has been brought into focus. ( has beenbrouth to public attention)
[3].Inflation/Corruption/Socialinequality ... is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn toface now/constantly.
----- To be continued !!

1-3 观点法----开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法.
e.g:
[1]. Never history hasthe change of .. been as evident as ... Nowhere in the world/China has theissue/idea of .. benn more visible/popular than...
[2]. Now people ingrowing/significant numbers are beginnig/coming to realize/accept/(be aware)that...
[3]. Now there is agrowing awareness/recognation ot the necessity to......Now people becomeincreasingly aware/conscious of the importance of ......
[4]. Perhaps it is timeto have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.......

1-4 引用法----- 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点!
e.g:
[1]. "Knowledge ispower." such is the remark made by Bacon.This remark has been shared bymore and more people .
"Education is notcomplete with gradulation." Such is the opnion of a great Americanphilosopher. Now more and more people share his opnion.
[2]."........."How often we hear such statements/words like thoses /this .
In our own days we areused to hearing such traditional complains as this "......".

1-5 比较法------ 通过对过去,现在两种不同的倾向,观点的比较, 引出文章要讨论的观点.
e.g:
[1]. For years, ...hadbeen viewed as ... But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing ..., people ....... .
[2]. People used to thinkthat ... (In the past, ....) But people now share this new.

1-6 故事法---- 先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题.
e.g:
[1]. Once in (anewspaper) , I read of/learnt .... The phenemenon of ... has aroused publicconcern.
[2]. I have a friend who... Should he .... ? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our dailylife.
[3]. Once upon a time ,there lived a man who ... This story may be (unbelievable) , but it still has arealistic significance now.

1-8 问题法----- 先用讨论或解答的设问, 引出自己观点,适用于有争议性的话题.
e.g:
Should/What ...... ?Options of ... vary greatly , some ..., others ...
But in my opinion ,...... .

原因结果分析
3-1-1. 基本原因--- 分析某事物时, 用此句型说明其基本的或者多方面的原因.
e.g:
[1]. Why ... ? For onething.. For another ...
[2]. The answer to thisproblem invovles many factors. For one thing... For another...... Still another...
[3]. A number of factors, both physical and psychological affect .... /both individual and socialcontribute to ....
3-1-2 另一原因--------> 在分析了基本原因之后, 再补充一个次要的或者更重要时用!
e.g:
[1]. Another importantfactor is ....
[2]. ... is alsoresponsible for the change/problem.
[3]. Certainly , the ...is not the sole reason for .....

3-1-3 后果影响--------- 分析某事物可能造成的后果或者带来的影响 .
e.g:
[1]. It will produce aprofound/far-reaching effect/impact on....
[2]. In involves someserious consequence for ........
比较对照句型

3-2-1. 两者比较---> 比较两事物, 要说出其一超过另一个,或肯定一事物的优点, 也肯定其缺点的时候用!
e.g:
[1]. The advantagesgained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B.
[2]. Indeed, A carriesmuch weight when compared with B.

3-2-2 . 两者相同/相似------> 比较两事物共同都有或者共同都没有的特点时用!
e.g:
[1]. A and B have severalthing in common. They are similar in that.....
[2]. A bears some srikingresemblance(s) to B.
Chapter Three 文章结尾形式

2-1 结论性---------通过对文章前面的讨论 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点.
e.g:
[1]. From what has beendiscussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that .....
[2]. In summary/In a word, it is more valuable .......

2-2 后果性------揭示所讨论的问题若不解决, 将产生的严重后果.
e.g:
[1]. We must call for animmediate method , because the current phenomenon of ... , if allowed to proceed,will surely lead to the heavy cost of .......
[2]. Obviously , if weignore/are blind to the problem , there is every chance that .. will be put indanger.
2-3 号召性-------- 呼吁读者行动起来, 采取行动或提请注意.
e.g:
[1]. It is time that weurged an immediate end to the undesirable tendcy of ......
[2]. It is essential thareffective measures should be taken to correct the tendency.
2-4 建议性-------- 对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见, 包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法.
e.g:
[1]. While it cannot besolved immediately, still there are ways. The most popular is .... Anothermethod is ... Still another one is .....
[2].Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.

2-5 方向性的结尾方式---- 其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的, 大体的方向或者指明前景.
e.g:
[1]. Many solutions arebeing offered here , all of them make some sense, but none is adequate enough.The problem should be recognized in a wide way .
[2]. There is no quickmethod to the issue of .., but .. might be helpful/benefical.
[3]. The great challengetoday is ...... There is much difficulty , but ........
2--6 意义性的结尾方式--------> 文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义!
e.g:
[1]. Following thesesuggestions may not guarantee the success, but the pay off might be worth theeffort . It will not only benefit but also benefit .....
[2]. In any case, whetherit is posotive or negative, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly ..