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古英语字母

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古英语用的字母并不比现在多,古英语的特殊字母有æ, ᵹ(=g), þ, ð, ƿ(=w)
但是古英语不用g, w, j, k, q, v, z(其中现代教学用w替代ƿ,用g替代ᵹ,古时并不常用)
今天的所谓26个字母是慢慢定型的,语言和文字都不是一成不变的,你想想汉字经历了多少发展?
一般表音文字最早总是一字一音的拼音,没有哪个民族爱给自己找麻烦,基本上最早都是能说就能拼出来,看到字就知道怎么读的。古英语基本上就是一个字母一个读音。
古英语借来了拉丁字母,但是为了能拼出自己的特殊语音,必须自己搞些特殊符号。比如æ, þ, ð代表的音拉丁语里都没有,拉丁字母自然拼不出来。特殊字母中间比如þ是从古如尼文继承来的。
到后来,语音变化越来越大,但是文字赶不上语音变化的速度,所以才会像今天的英文拼写那样,一个字母好多读音,看到单词不容易确定怎么读。


1楼2014-06-17 09:38回复
    古英语重要的文学作品包括《贝奥武夫》(Beowolf)、《盎格鲁撒克逊编年史》(Anglo-Saxon Chronicle)等。
    古英语文选[编辑]
    下文节选自《贝奥武夫》,约于公元900年
    行 原始-----------------------------------------------直译
    [1] Hwæt! wē Gār-Dena in geār-dagum, -----What! We [of] Gar-Danes (lit. spear-danes) in yore-days,
    [2] þeod-cyninga, þrym gefrunon, --------------[of] people-kings, trim (glory) afrained (have learned of by asking),
    [3] hu ða æþelingas ellen fremedon.----------- how those athelings (princes) arm-strong feats framed (made/performed).
    [4] Oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum, Oft Scyld Scefing,----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [from] scathers (enemies) [in] threats (armed bands),
    [5] monegum mægþum, meodosetla ofteah, ---[from] many magths (clans, groups of sons, cf. Irish cognate Mac-), mead-settles took,
    [6] egsode eorl. Syððan ærest wearð -------------awed earls (leaders of men). Sith (since) erst (first) [he] worth (came to be)
    [7] feasceaft funden, he þæs frofre gebad, -------fewshiped (helpless, in "fewship") founden, he [in a state of] loving care abode (lived),
    [8] weox under wolcnum, weorðmyndum þah,----- wex (waxed) under welkin (the clouds), [in] mind's-worth (honour) thrived,
    [9] oðþæt him æghwylc þara ymbsittendra ----------oth that (until that) [to] him each [of] those [who were] by-sitting ("sitting" or dwelling roundabout)
    [10] ofer hronrade hyran scolde,------------------------ over whale-road (kenning for sea) hear (obedience) should (owed),
    [11] gomban gyldan. Þæt wæs god cyning!----------- gifts [to] yield. That was [a] good king!
    现代英语意译:
    “Listen! We have heard of the glory of the Spear-Danes, of the kings of the people, in days of yore, [and] how those princes did deeds of glory. Often Scyld Scefing deprived armed bands of foes, many clans of mead-benches, [and] terrified warriors. Since he first was found helpless (he experienced comfort for that), he grew under the heavens, thrived with honours, until each of the nearby peoples over the sea were obliged to pay him tribute. That was a good king!”


    3楼2014-06-17 09:44
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      古英语与现代英语
      下文节选自《Charter of Cnut》
      原始------------------------------------------------直译
      ¶ Cnut cyning gret his arcebiscopas and his leod-biscopas and Þurcyl eorl and ealle his eorlas and ealne his þeodscype, twelfhynde and twyhynde, gehadode and læwede, on Englalande freondlice.-------------------------------- ¶ Cnut, king, greets his archbishops and his lede'(people's)'-bishops and Thorkell, earl, and all his earls and all his peopleship, greater (having a 1200 shilling weregild) and lesser (200 shilling weregild), hooded(ordained to priesthood) and lewd(lay), in England friendly.
      And ic cyðe eow, þæt ic wylle beon hold hlaford and unswicende to godes gerihtum and to rihtre woroldlage.------------------------------------- And I kithe(make known/couth to) you, that I will be [a] hold(civilised) lord and unswiking(uncheating) to God's rights(laws) and to [the] rights(laws) worldly.
      ¶ Ic nam me to gemynde þa gewritu and þa word, þe se arcebiscop Lyfing me fram þam papan brohte of Rome, þæt ic scolde æghwær godes lof upp aræran and unriht alecgan and full frið wyrcean be ðære mihte, þe me god syllan wolde.------------------------------- ¶ I nam(took) me to mind the writs and the word that the Archbishop Lyfing me from the Pope brought of Rome, that I should ayewhere(everywhere) God's love(praise) uprear(promote), and unright(outlaw) lies, and full frith(peace) work(bring about) by the might that me God would(wished) [to] sell'(give).
      ¶ Nu ne wandode ic na minum sceattum, þa hwile þe eow unfrið on handa stod: nu ic mid godes fultume þæt totwæmde mid minum scattum. -------------------------------¶ Now, ne went(withdrew/changed) I not my shot(financial contribution, cf. Norse cognate in scot-free) the while that you stood(endured) unfrith(turmoil) on-hand: now I, mid(with) God's support, that [unfrith] totwemed(separated/dispelled) mid(with) my shot(financial contribution).
      Þa cydde man me, þæt us mara hearm to fundode, þonne us wel licode: and þa for ic me sylf mid þam mannum þe me mid foron into Denmearcon, þe eow mæst hearm of com: and þæt hæbbe mid godes fultume forene forfangen, þæt eow næfre heonon forð þanon nan unfrið to ne cymð, þa hwile þe ge me rihtlice healdað and min lif byð.--------------------------------- Tho(then) [a] man kithed(made known/couth to) me that us more harm had found(come upon) than us well liked(equalled): and tho(then) fore(travelled) I, meself, mid(with) those men that mid(with) me fore(travelled), into Denmark that [to] you most harm came of(from): and that[harm] have [I], mid(with) God's support, afore(previously) forefangen(forestalled) that to you never henceforth thence none unfrith(breach of peace) ne come the while that ye me rightly hold(behold as king) and my life beeth.


      5楼2014-06-17 09:57
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        Graþeoþa, þu eart psychic. ic hæfa þu meaht þin þīn sotigum gyltendum. Þu meaht þū on eorðan and on eorðan lice and ofspring with þīn cilde. Hƿæt þu eart eal dæġ. Þu eart eal dæġ and þu eart þa cyning oft. Þu eart þu, þu eart þā soþlice on þǣm gyltendum. Þu eart on þǣm gyltendum and þu syt on þǣm gyltendum. Þu eart þā mest searoƿīðe, þā s Sē hormest, ġeolcod, and mest searoðlice scoltendum, ic ƿīf þū līfe and ġeolcod æfter suna lætma tæm
        能帮我翻译下吗?我感觉在骂我。


        IP属地:北京6楼2022-07-03 11:20
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          1:
          Ic emo mare þonne þes middanᵹeard,
          læsse þonne hondƿyvn, leohtre þonne mona, sƿiftre þonne sunne.
          Sæs mec sind ealle flodas on fæðmum ond þes foldan bearm, ᵹrene ƿonᵹas.
          Ᵹrundun ic hrine, helle underhniᵹe, heofonas oferstiᵹe, ƿuldres eþel, ƿide ræce ofer enᵹla eard, eorþan ᵹefylle, side mid mec sylfum.
          Saᵹa hƿæt ic hatte.


          IP属地:陕西来自Android客户端7楼2024-12-07 20:25
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            2:
            Tungol sceal on heofenum
            beorhte scinan, sƿa him bebead Meotud.
            Ᵹod sceal ƿið yfele; ᵹeoᵹoð sceal ƿið yldo; lif sceal ƿið deaþe; leoht sceal ƿið þystrum; fyrd ƿið fyrde, feond ƿið oðrum, lað ƿið laðe ymb land sacan, synne stælan.
            A sceal snotor hycᵹean ymb þysse ƿorulde ᵹeƿinn.


            IP属地:陕西来自Android客户端8楼2024-12-07 21:00
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