从印度共和国日纪念活动说起

印度总统莫客气乘坐六马拉大马车进场宣布开始，这马车是英国人留下的，2014年莫客气总统把它复活，2015年警卫以安全原因不让他坐，去年恢复了

The function began with President Mukherjee arriving at the venue in the ceremonial buggy, last time as the Head of State with his tenure ending this year.
He drew cheers from the audience as the wheels of the open gold-plated carriage rolled down the Raisina Hill, making its way past hundreds of spectators who gathered to witness the colourful event.

The combined pipes and drums bands mesmerised the gathering with soulful strains of 'Mony Musk', 'Jak Wilson', 'The Gael' while the tri-services military band with accompaniment of Indian instruments regaled with 'Yaman', 'Sky Lark' and other renditions.
The ceremony traces its origins to the early 1950s when Major Roberts of the Army indigenously developed the unique ceremony of display by the massed bands.

India did not become fully independent in 1947. It was not yet sovereign. It had only dominion status acknowledging the British Crown as its head with a Governor General appointed by London, Lord Mountbatten first and then C Rajagopalachari, the first and last Indian to be Governor General of India. (Jinnah became the first Governor General of Pakistan as he refused to accept Mountbatten as joint head of both dominions and thus the first non-White head of a British-ruled dominion.)
1947年的时候，印度其实没有完全独立，还算不上一个独立国家。它只是一块英国国王承认自治领地。这里的总督还是伦敦任命的。先是英国的蒙巴顿爵士，后来是 拉贾戈巴拉查理。后者是第一位也是最后一位印度人印度总督。（真纳成为第一任巴基斯坦总督，他不同意让梦巴顿爵士担任两个自治领的共同总督，于是他成了第一位非白人英国统治领地的总督）

There was a lot of anxiety among the British about whether a sovereign India would stay in the Commonwealth, which has the British Crown at its head. If India was not to join the Commonwealth, could Indian Army officers be trusted with military secrets? As a dominion, India had British army chiefs and came under the Imperial General Staff.
英国有个担心，就是一个独立的印度国会不会留在英联邦，英联邦的元首是英国国王。如果印度不加入英联邦，那么英国还能不能相信印度的军官，和他们分享军事秘密呢？而作为一块自治领地，印度可以让英国人担任军队领导，军队服从皇家总参谋长的指挥。

So a compromise was worked out. India became a sovereign democratic republic on January 26, 1950, and stayed within the Commonwealth with the British Crown at its head.
结果双方搞出了一个妥协方案，从1926年1月26日起，印度成为一个独立的民主共和国。但仍然留在以英国国王为元首的英联邦內。

从此，印度就有了三个国庆节。
India has three national days.
They are:
26-JanuaryRepublic DayAdoption of the Constitution of India[3] (1950)
15-AugustIndependence DayIndependence from British Empire (1947)
2-OctoberGandhi JayanthiMahatma Gandhi's birth anniversary

Indeed, the Congress implemented a much more moderate transition to Independence than it had envisaged during the Independence struggle. Jawaharlal Nehru, the fire-breathing radical, was persuaded to be friendly.
从宣布独立到共和国成立的过渡期， 比起在争取独立过程中事先设想的。 国大党实行了向独立更温和的过渡。尼赫鲁本来是个火气暴躁的激进派，也在别人劝说下变得心平气和。

India became independent but continuity with the colonial rule was assured. ICS became IAS but the bureaucracy remained as the British had fashioned it. Indeed, even today, Indian bureaucracy is still the best model of old British-style civil service. Britain has moved on but not India.
印度完成了独立，可是殖民地时代的那一套制度继续保留不变。印度文官（ ICS ）虽然换了个名字叫印度管理系统文官（ IAS ），但是这支官僚队伍其实还是英国人打造时老样子。实际上，迄今为止，印度的官僚系统仍然是世界上英国式文官制度的最佳典范。英国人现在已经变了，可印度一点也没变。

In most respects, India continued to be ruled by previous practice. All the emergency legislation the British had passed — Defence of the Regime Act, for example, under which an Emergency can be declared — has stayed on the books and indeed was actively used by Indira Gandhi. Even those who denounce Macaulay are happy to retain the Indian Penal Code. Only this year is the railway budget being abolished and the budget date moved from its old date.
就大多数领域而言，印度继续按照往日的老套路治理国家。所有英国人通过的紧急立法——如政权保卫法，按照这个法可以宣布进入紧急状态——都保留在法典里。而且还真的被英迪拉•甘地用了一回。就算那些谴责麦考利的人，也都庆幸印度保留了他制定的印度刑法典。直到今年，单独的印度铁路预算报告才取消，每年把铁路预算报告从政府预算报告中分出来单独做，这也是英国人老早发明的。

说到这个 Thomas Babington Macaulay，是印度人的英语之父

He played a major role in introducing English and western concepts to education in India, publishing his argument on the subject in the "Macaulay Minute" published in 1835. He supported the replacement of Persian by English as the official language, the use of English as the medium of instruction in all schools, and the training of English-speaking Indians as teachers

是他把英语和西方观念引人印度教育体系。他把英语取代波斯语作为印度的官方语言。

In his view, Macaulay divided the world into civilised nations and barbarism, with Britain representing the high point of civilisation. In his Minute on Indian Education of February 1835, he asserted, "It is, I believe, no exaggeration to say that all the historical information which has been collected from all the books written in the Sanskrit language is less valuable than what may be found in the most paltry abridgement used at preparatory schools in England". He was wedded to the Idea of Progress, especially in terms of the liberal freedoms. He opposed radicalism while idealising historic British culture and traditions